Well here is the thing. First, you used the old substrate from old tank which would NORMALLY give you a problem even how much you have cleaned it. Second, If you are still using the same size of filters for your bigger tank, it is now processing higher volume of water. The third, even your tap water has low nitrate it is loaded with total dissolved solids. The more water you put in the more filtration you will need. Otherwise, it keeps on compounding like what it is doing now.
No problems with used substrate ever.
Our water is #1 in the US
And has an extremely low Tds
I picked up my tds meter from ebay for less than $10.
Not a bad thing to have and it would shed alot of light on the whole situation.