Yeah, I am not so sure using your filter as a CO2 reactor would have ANY effect on nitrosomonas, nitrobacter, or nitrospira. I would think in terms of an effect on any bacterial strain (particularly the gram negative strains in question), the largest factor CO2 injection would change is pH. There have been many studies done in which gram negative bacteria have survived in an environment with pH < 5.0. I doubt even with CO2 concentrated inside your filter you would see pH that low.