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It doesn't have to be fine sand! It can be anything smooth. I use a type of sand that is more like tiny pebbles for my cories and they love it! Any rough rocks will damage their barbels.

Ick kinda looks like salt! You could be seeing damage from ammonia! Have you tested you water out of the tap? I had a mini cycle in my tank and used Prime water conditioner at double dose and it brought down my ammonia readings right away! Are you getting any nitrite or nitrate readings?

What size tank do you have! I believe rams are territorial and you would need about 40 gal tank for 5! Could be the others already have their own space and won't let her in their territory!

in my experience, canisters have much better flow rates and less maintenance, they hold far more materials to hold more beneficial bacteria, but to each their own. I know many people who have kept lovely plants with LED's, but you do have to know how to get the right setting. I have...

one also thing you can do is have a "siesta" period. You can have 4 hrs of light followed by 2 hrs off and then 4 hrs on again. Apparently this doesn't bother plants but algae doesn't like it. I prefer this, because I'm usually out in the day, but home in the evening and that's when I enjoy my...

I use a credit card to scrape green spot algae off my tank, followed by a water change. how long do you keep the lights on?

If you re read the link that you posted, cycling takes aprox 6 weeks. At which time you would introduce new fish slowly! When a tank is properly cycled ammonia, nitrites should be zero and nitrates around 20 for a healthy tank! Try not to over clean your tank at this time! Just water changes...

I think it depends on how dirty and the size of the tank/filter. Just rearranging could stir up a lot of crud, but if you do a partial water change right after, and maybe lightly rinse the filter media for a start, could be ok. Clean a few pieces of décor, but maybe not all at once. I think...