A bacteria bloom is the result of an "upset" in the cycle of your tank. If you feed too much a couple days, or maybe a couple of plants die, or pretty much anything that could produce more ammonia in your tank than usual, will cause it.
What happens is that there is a regular amount of ammonia produced in your tank, and you will produce enough beneficial bacteria in your tank to eat just enough of that ammonia. If you add more fish or do something like I listed above, there will suddenly be more ammonia in the tank than the bacteria you have can handle, so more bacteria is created. This is called a bacteria bloom. After all the bacteria to eat the ammonia is created, another bacteria bloom to eat the nitrite that is produced will be created as well. It is sometimes called a mini cycle as well.
When a bacteria bloom occurs, no amount of filtration will get rid of the cloudiness. It will just go away after the bloom is over (unless you use some special additives).
The bacteria bloom will usually last as long as it took to cycle your tank, but it is a miniature version of the cycle and is therefore less harmful to your fish. The actual cloudiness however, generally only lasts about a week. If it goes away and comes back, that is the second production of bacteria and would probably take about another week. (A week is a long estimate too).
To stop a bacteria bloom you would have to find the new source of ammonia in your tank and remove it. This may or may not be practical (I.E. Removing 10 fish isn't practical, but getting rid of dying plants is).
And the green water algae is not found on the glass, it is in the water and makes it green and cloudy. If your water is not green then you don't have to worry about this.
The only way to know for sure is if you test your water and find out what the parameters are.
I hope you find this helpful, if its not a bacteria bloom or green water algae I don't really know what it could be.
