Is the tank planted and what substrate did you use?
I had a similar sort of build up in my dirted tank, it got caught on one of my stem plants to begin with then just accumulated.
My best guess was just detritus build up, possibly something fungal. Didnt seem to be harmful to the fish, I ended up just chucking out the stem.
Try cleaning it out as much as you can, maybe even with a clean scrubbing brush, when you get around to tank maintenance, and take out the sponge and swish it in some old tank water during a water change. But I wouldn't be too worried, especially if you're doing a fishless cycle
Edit: just looked at the pic again, is it stringy and seems to be sticking there, or does it look like murky water flowing out of the filter then diffusing into the tank?