If the fish only has issues when trying to swim faster, I would leave it to see how it does. Salt might help, might not, but if he is eating and pooping and otherwise seems ok, just wait to see what happens. I don't think it's dying, but it might have a neurological issue that only shows when it tries to swim quickly.
If carbon is the only thing in the filter, you would have to remove a small portion of it, replace with the ceramic rings if that is what you have. A couple of weeks later, remove some more carbon, add some bioballs in place of it.
Those rings and balls were provided because you have to provide living places for the bacteria that keep the ammonia under control. By not using them, you have really compromised the ability of this filter to do its job.
But, those sponge filters are very good biofilters and it's very good news you have them. The only thing they can't do is remove larger particles from water.. so they are not so good at what is called water polishing, and may not provide crystal clear water. Filter floss is one of the best things for water polishing, and it last long, only has to be replaced when it falls apart into small raggedy bits.
Eventually, for the other filter, you want to remove all the carbon, to replace it with biomedia, which can be rings, bioballs, sponge and ideally, some filter floss. All last a very long time, years and years except the floss. Clean by squeezing or rinsing thoroughly in old tank water, that you have removed for a water change. Never rinse in tap water, you might kill the bacteria with the chlorine. Same for the sponge filters, but only do one at at time.
You're still going to have the overstocking problem once the mollies grow some.