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what would happen if you diffused the co2 under the sand/gravel? the bubbles would have to fit through small places so maybe break down more? or keep it underwater longer so you'll have a better saturation rate?
I tried this for a couple days. The Co2 gas builds a pocket under the sand until it erupts in a large bubble. Mine would even shoot some sand up in the tank. The bubble simply disperses into the air, losing most of the Co2. I thought it would diffuse through the sand, and maybe some did, but not enough to warrant diffusion by substrate. It didnt work for me. A powerhead diffuser is the way to go.