Sorry for the loss. Many of us have suffered similar genocides in our tanks, and have come out of them more educated because of this site. I hope we can give you some answers!
QTOFFER's started you out on the right track. Ammonia is critical to the health of fish. That is, there shouldn't be *any* measurable amount in the tank! If you have no nitrates at all, and some nitrites, it sounds like you're just starting out the "cycle" of your tank (there are usually at least 10
ppm of nitrates in a healthy tank, as it is broken down by bacteria more slowly).
Also possible, if you thought you had a cycled tank, is that something killed the bacteria. The usual culprit is anti-bacterial medication (such as Maracyn, and other erythromycin-based products). Did you use one of these recently?
It sounds like ammonia is to blame, but it's also possible that a recent addition to the tank may have killed the tetras quickly. Flexibacter columnaris is a bacterial infection that can kill fish in 24 hours or a week, depending on its virulence. If you recently introduced a new fish or several new fish (or even plants) to the aquarium, they might have brought a disease along with them.
Sorry again for your loss. I'd advise 50% water changes in an event such as this to get as much of whatever's in the water out.
Hope things turn out for the best. I'd wait on getting new tetras until you've figured out what happened to the last ones.