That was going to be my next question. How big a filter would I need to use. I was thinking of a 40 gal rated filter. Isn't a filter that big going to cause a big current? Do the goldies with fluffy fins mind that? Water changes would be 50% each week unless the ammonia tested positive. Then I can throw in an extra one.
Well - a new tank is cheap if I already have a stand. I am pretty sure I can special order the 18 from my LFS.
How much do the fancy goldfish cost? I have seen that the smaller they are the less they cost. As little as $5. Is that true? Is there any reason the get a bigger one?
A filter rated for a 40 gallon tank would be, in my view, appropriate for an 18 gallon tank with a single fancy goldfish -- for goldfish, it's generally recommended to have 2x filtration, so you'd be covered.
I have a couple of small (2 inches or less) fancy goldfish in my 48 gallon, with a 220 gallon per hour canister filter (which I'll upgrade or add to as the fish get bigger). The fish don't seem to have any trouble with that current -- which will be more than what a normal 40 gallon filter would produce. That said, swimming abilities vary widely among different types of fancy goldfish. Bubble eyed goldfish, for example, are among the poorer swimming fancy goldfish while the fantails are probably the strongest swimmers among the fancy goldfish. Either way, they shouldn't have too much of a problem, especially when they get larger. When they are smaller (and their bioload is smaller), you can try partially blocking the intake to reduce flow and current if they seem to get pushed around too much -- and remove the partial blocking when they get bigger, are better able to cope with the current, and need the added filtration/aeration. Again, though, I don't think it'll be too much of an issue.
Yes, I've seen (and purchased) small fancy goldfish for $5 (and less), though it does depend on which variety of fancy. The only real reason to get a bigger one, in my view, is if you simply want a bigger fish. I enjoy watching my fish grow over time, so I personally opt for smaller ones, but the choice is completely yours.
Good luck!