I don't know that the outflow itself causes SBD in goldfish. I do know fancies are more to SBD. One of my ryukins was particularly prone to it when he was inside the house in a tank. He would eat bubbles.
If the current is so strong that the fish are being banged around the pond, then adjust your pump or place something at the outflow that baffles it or gives it some resistance before it enters the pond. Build up some rocks close to the outflow so the water hits them first. You'll still have enough surface agitation to oxygenate the water.
The situation you are talking about is another reason I like the bog filter on my pond. My pump is strong enough to batter some fish. But it pushes uphill to the bog filter, and circulates through gravel and plant roots. The water returned to the pond comes from a 1.5" outflow from the bog filter. I don't hear any rushing or crashing water in my pond. Neither do the fish.
http://s3.photobucket.com/user/sharpchick/media/Aquaria/Pond/outflowfromfiltertopond.jpg.html
Having adequate filtration and oxygenation doesn't mean having whitewater in a pond. Look at photos of waterfalls in other ponds.
Here's a
YouTube video of a very small pond with a waterfall.
If I were going to build a waterfall for my pond, I'd elevate another container that had its own pump down in the pond to push the water.
You're going to have to take your
original build and modify it to have a goldfish pond that works for you and the fish.