Im sure u know all u basically need to do is pass the water through some sort of media so what biological/mechanical filtration can take place. If you have a submergible pump and u plan on running this filter sumbmerged u have it easy...
-first drill a small hole in the side of the bucket at the bottom just big enough for your tubing to fit though, you want if to fit kinda tight so that water doesnt flow through.
-Then you can get some of the white poly flow media, the stuff that looks like Air Conditioning filter, cut it so that it fits tight along the side so water cant rush around it. I would use at least 6 layers of the 1" media, and you can always add more if you need it.
-now you need to make a small stand from
PVC and Egg Crate or something similiarfor your media to rest on so that it doesnt just collapse.
Then throw the pump in the bucket run your tubing and put your media in there and chunk it in the pond. If you get a lid for it you can use it as a shelf for plant, you will just need to cut several large holes in the side of the bucket with a hole saw, but make sure is it below the supportive ribs at the top of the bucket if you can, so that you can still use the handle without it breaking.
Or if you want to be really want to conserve your energy you can just drill the hole for the tubing throw in the pump and tubing... fill that bad boy with pre washed pee gravel or bioBalls, then place a couple layers of poly media on the top so too much junk doesnt get in there and call it done....